It’s always pleasant whenever you discover something in a round about fashion. The zigs and zags of the journey enhance the pleasure of the discovery. My road to pottage came via Any Austin’s YouTube channel’s video titled “I Figured Out Where Kingdom Come 2's Fountain Gets Its Water”. Kingdom Come: Deliverance II is set in 1403 in the Kingdom of Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) (“Kingdom Come: Deliverance II,” 2026). The game sits within the last century of the medieval or Middle Ages which Wikipedia defines as being between 500 CE (Common Era) to 1500 CE (“Middle Ages,” 2026). I have embedded the episode below should you wish to watch it for yourself.
Watching Austin discuss the minutiae pertaining to one aspect of this fictional depiction of a real era triggered my dormant interest in medieval history. In particular, I enjoy cooking recipes from past ages as well as from video games. It’s especially pleasing when these two things coincide with each other. Being deeply impressed with Warhorse Studios attention to historical detail, I watched many other essays videos about Kingdom Come: Deliverance II and one of them mentioned the ever present pot of stew simmering perpetually over a fire which enables players to obtain food as they traverse the open world map of the game.
In keeping with the medieval-esque theme I next watched a playthrough of Gothic 1 Remake by Alkimia Interactive and again the ubiquitous pot of stew sat prominently within the game. Being a lover of soup, by this stage I was starting to be latently drawn to the idea of medieval stew but I still had not yet become sufficiently motivated enough to try to cook it until I stumbled on Medieval Way’s “What Was Pottage? The Medieval Stew Peasants Lived On for Generations”.
Wealthy households used pottage as a means of displaying their wealth by featuring dishes that contained significant and multiple types of meat and luxury spices such as saffron that often had to be imported (Monk, 2023). Pottages in noble households were often extravagantly coloured using various spices and exotic in ingredients (Medieval Way, 2026).
But what do I mean when I say pottage is a food system? Pottage worked as a closed loop system. For peasant households, meat was provided by the animal (usually a pig) raised on the property and used sparingly to flavour the stew with vegetables and herbs being sourced from the small family vegetable plot that often had hardy vegetables like leeks and onions featuring as the mainstay of these types of subsistence plots (Medieval Way, 2026). Everything needed for the pottage, including firewood for the fire, was often sourced very locally, if not just several steps from the front door. Pottage was in effect a closed loop system much like what permaculture is today for some modern gardeners. It cycled around continuously particularly if vegetable and herb seeds were able to be harvested, stored and then planted the following season.
The food system offered by pottage rarely wasted food. Due to the continuous application of consistent heat from a wood fire, the worst of spoilage was often kept at bay, allowing yesterday’s leftovers to form the basis of a new pottage the following day when the cooking pot would be topped up with fresh ingredients (Medieval Ways, 2026). Though wealthy households did not necessarily have a closed system due to the importing of various pottage ingredients, it can be reasonably assumed that their kitchens still used the same methodology of food preservation and cooking as peasant households where leftovers were used as the base of the following day’s stew and fuel use was efficient because the kitchen fires were often kept burning rather than allowing to go cold.
Pottage was eaten throughout the whole day, it was breakfast, lunch and dinner (Medieval Way, 2026). Pottage also heavily reduced food waste by utilising leftovers and allowing nearly all types of vegetables and meat to be broken down enough to become edible through a slow and lengthy cooking process (Medieval Way, 2026). Alongside bread, pottage was the main way people of the Middle Ages nourished themselves (Medieval Way, 2023; “Pottage,” 2026). The nourishing aspect of pottage is also of great interest to me. The combination of grains, legumes and vegetables which is slowly cooked into an easily digestible meal gives the body the best chance possible to extract the nutrients available within the meal (Medieval Way, 2026). It seems to be a highly nutritious and efficient way of eating.
My brain finds it hard to fathom an expanse of time as long ago as the medieval period and for the duration which it extended to. What did the Middle Ages look like? What was happening during each century? Using John Haywood’s The New Atlas of World History: Global Events at a Glance we can peek back into the mists of time to catch a glimpse of some of the events from each epoch starting with 500 CE to 600 CE. During this particular period there were several outbreaks of bubonic plague that reduced the population of Europe by one third, Roman law was codified under Emperor Justinian and Scots from Ireland began settling in northern England (Haywood, 2011, p.72). Vietnam unsuccessfully challenges Chinese rule, multiple kingdoms collapse in India and China and Jerusalem is captured by Arab forces (Haywood, 2011, pp.72-73). Slavic immigration from East Central Europe into the Balkan begins and Italy is conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire. In approximately 575 CE, Indian mathematicians invented the concept of zero and devised the decimal system of numerals (Haywood, 2011, p.73).
In 600 CE to 700 CE Chinese monk Xuanzang brought the scriptures of Buddhism from India to China, Muhammad the founder of Islam lives and passes away between approximately 570 to 632 (Haywood, 2011, p.73). Abu Bakr becomes Muhammad’s successor and the text of the Qur'an is written down (Haywood, 2011, p. 73). The stirrup is introduced to Europe, porcelain is invented in China and in 643 CE there is the earliest reference to the use of the heavy two-wheeled plough being used in Western Europe (Haywood, 2011, p.73). Pope Gregory the Great attempts to convert the Anglo-Saxons and Nestorian Christians from Persia bring Christianity to China (Haywood, 2011, p,73). Christianity is also introduced to The Nubian kingdoms and Tibet is unified under Songtsen Gampo (Haywood, 2011, p.73). Prince Shotoku creates a centralised Japanese state and Egypt is conquered by Arab forces (Haywood, 2011, p. 73). During this period the earliest texts reproduced by woodblock printing occur in China (Haywood, 2011, p.73).
In 700 CE to 800 CE Japan codifies its penal and civil law, the first West African kingdom, Ghana (now Mali) is formed, a schism in Islam occurs between majority Sunni and minority Shi’a, the earliest English poet Caedmon dies and the Islamic shrine Dome of the Rock is completed in Jerusalem (Haywood, 2011, p.79). Arab expansion into the West is temporarily halted after their defeat at the hands of Charles Martel at Tours but resume in the next era when Arab forces conquer Sicily in 963 CE, while Chinese expansion in central Asia is halted by Arab forces (Haywood, 2011, p.82 & p.86). A breach between the Byzantine and Roman churches occurs and the Japanese Shinto religion is absorbed into Buddhist teachings (Haywood, 2011, p.82). The concept of immunisation against smallpox begins to be explored in India, the introduction of the three field system of crop rotation results in increased agricultural production in Western Europe, the Tang dynasty starts to decline in China and an alliance between Tibet and the Uighurs ends Chinese rule in Central Asia and the Arab powers adopts the Hindu numeral system in approximately 760 CE (Haywood, 2011, p.83). The first Russian state is founded in approximately 882 CE with Kiev named as its capital (Haywood, 2011, p.87).
In 800 CE to 900 CE the first paper money transfers occurred in China , Rome was raided by Muslim pirates in 846 CE and Christianity spread to Denmark and Sweden (Haywood, 2011, p.86). This period also sees heavy Viking raiding in Western Europe with Alfred the Great of Wessex rallying the Anglo-Saxons to stand against the Vikings (Haywood, 2011, p.87). The Norse settle Iceland, Armenia gains independence, the Tang dynasty orders the persecution of Buddhism and Christian teachings, there are indications of the possible early use of gunpowder in China, the earliest examples of polyphonic music also occur and the oldest surviving dated printed book, a Chinese copy of the Buddhist Diamond Sutra is printed in 868 CE.
During 900 CE to 1000 CE Althelstan became the first king to govern all of England and Korea was unified by Wang Geon (Haywood, 2011, p.90). Simple gunpowder weapons come into use in China, lost-wax metal casting is introduced into sub-Sahara Africa, the Holy Roman Empire is founded when German king Otto I is crowned in Rome, the Norse Greenland colony is founded, Denmark is converted to Christianity by King Harald Bluetooth, Islam spreads to West Africa and parts of East Africa due to trading and the first stone castles are built in France (Haywood, 2011, p.91).
In 1000 to 1100 of the Common Era, the Normans conquer Southern Italy and Sicily and early ripening rice from Vietnam was introduced to China in 1012 allowing for two rice crop harvests per year, boosting population growth and making rice the staple food in China (Haywood, 2011, p.94). Dar al-’llm (House of Knowledge) is founded by Caliph al-Hakim in Cairo and teaches theology, philosophy and science, William the Conqueror conquers England in 1066 and the Domesday Book is written in England in 1086 and it provides a detailed survey of land value and ownership (Haywood, 2011, p.95).
Clement II is appointed by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry III to reform the Roman church, and the Pope excommunicates the patriarch of Constantinople resulting in a split between the Roman and Greek churches (Haywood, 2011, p.95). Meanwhile between 1041-1048 CE China experiments with movable type printing, a supernova is observed by Chinese and Arab astronomers, in 1095 CE Pope Urban II initiates the First Crusade at Clermont, France and the first European university is founded at Bologna (Haywood, 2011, p,95). During this era, Chinese scientist Shen Kuo correctly identifies the origins of fossils, the first water powered clocks were built for the Song dynasty in China in 1090 and first earliest known use of magnetic compasses being used in Chinese ships happened during this period (Haywood, 2011, p.95).
In the next epoch spanning 1100 to 1200 the Kiev Rus state broke up into smaller principalities in 1132, the University of Paris was founded and in Europe and the Middle East the counterweight trebuchet, a massive stone hurling machine designed for siege warfare was developed. (Haywood, 2011 pp.98-99). Cannons being used in warfare are first documented in China, the Song dynasty constructs a fleet of treadmill operated paddlewheel ships and Chinese ships are outfitted with watertight bulkheads (Haywood, 2011, pp 98-99). The earliest description of oil paints is provided by Theophilus, the Second Crusade fails to capture Damascus, Serbia obtains its independence from the Byzantine empire, the Third Crusade fails to capture Jerusalem with Saladin defeating the crusaders at Hattin in 1187 (Haywood, 2011, pp.98-99). Zen Buddhism comes to Japan and philosopher Peter Abelard is condemned for taking a rationalist approach to the scriptures and Abbey church of St Dennis, the first building in Gothic style is built near Paris (Haywood, 2011, p.99).
1200 to 1300 sees the Fourth Crusade succeeding in conquering Constantinople in 1204 and the Latin empire is subsequently founded (Haywood, 2011, p.99). New Zealand is settled by Polynesians from Tahiti, the earliest documented European windmills begin operating in England while China explores water powered textile machinery (Haywood, 2011, p.99). In 1215 King John of England announces the Magna Carta which limits the power of the monarchy, the Mongols invade Russia, the Teutonic Knights undertake crusades against the pagan Prussia and the Fifth Crusades fails to take Egypt while the Sixth Crusades sees Christian rule return to Jerusalem (Haywood, 2011, p.102). The kingdom of Great Zimbabwe is founded, the Aztecs move into the Valley of Mexico, St Francis of Assisi establishes the Order of Friars and the Inquisition is established by the papacy in 1232 (Haywood, 2011, p. 102). Korea succeeded in inventing metal moveable-type printing and this era also sees the lifespan of philosopher Roger Bacon who was an early champion of empirical scientific methodology (Haywood, 2011, p.102).
In this century, water powered sawmills started to become used in England and early hand guns were deployed by the Islamic slave soldiers and mercenaries of the Mamluk armies (Haywood, 2011, p.103). The Holy Roman Empire in effect dissolves after the death of its emperor, Frederick II and moves forward as a loose confederation of self-governing principalities (Haywood, 2011, p.103). Constantinople is recaptured by the Byzantines in 1261, Korea becomes a vassal state of the Mongols, the Mongols also invade Java, Japan and Baghdad, the crusaders are chased out of Palestine by the Mamluks and Ottoman Turk chief Osman declares independence (Haywood, 2011, p. 103). In 1290 people of Jewish heritage were expelled from England, the first wearable reading glasses were invented in Florence, the mechanical clock was invented and the Venetian merchant Marco Polo gives his account of his travels in China in 1298 (Haywood, 2011, p.103).
During 1300 CE to 1400 CE England is forced to recognise Scottish independence after their defeat at Bannockburn in 1314, the Hundred Years War between England and France begins in 1337 and the Ottomans obtain their first conquest after the fall of Gallipoli (Haywood 2011, p.107). Moscow is sacked by the khan of the Golden Horde, the Aztecs establish a state at Tenochtitlan, the Black Death reaches Baghdad and China and kills a third of Europe’s population (Haywood, 2011, p.107). There are peasant uprisings in both France and England, paganism rapidly declines in Europe as one of the last pagan enclaves, the Lithuanians, adopt Christianity in 1386 (Haywood, 2025, p.107).
In the final century of the Middle Ages which covers the period 1400 CE to 1500 CE the Battle of Tannenberg occurs which sees the Teutonic Knights being defeated by Poles and Lithuanians in 1410 (Haywood, 2011, p. 112). Malaya adopts Islam, China undertakes naval expeditions to Southeast Asia, the Middle East and East Africa, Portugal begins exploring the West African coast, the Aztec empire expands and in 1431 Joan of Arc is burned at the stake by the English (Haywood, 2011, p.112). Portolan navigational maps begin to be produced in Portugal, Albert II of Austria is crowned the first Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor in 1438, the Hundred Years War ends with the defeat of England at The Battle of Castillon in 1453, Ivan II adopts the title of Tsar in 1472, Spain is reconquered by Christian forces, feudalism arises in Japan and the Portuguese begins slave trading in 1441 (Haywood, 2011, p.113). Moveable-type printing makes its way to Europe and three-masted sailing ships come into use, making oceanic travel more possible (Haywood, 2011, p.113). Construction of the Ming Great Wall of China started in 1474 and The Spanish Inquisition began in 1478 (Haywood, 2011, p.113).
In many ways, you can understand why the medieval period is also called the Middle Ages. It’s a period that bridges the Dark Ages with the early semblance of what would become the basis of our modern world today. In this era we see printing, the early moves towards scientific and empirical based theories, the perpetual development of new technology for warfare, oceanic capable sailing ships and international trade. All these are elements of our modern world today. I could be facetious and say that in the West this period was fueled by pottage but while that would be overstating the importance of pottage to the era, it could be argued that the food system built around pottage could be seen as having contributed to the overall path towards modernity in the West.
Pottage was built around subsistence farming, extracting maximum nourishment from the food available and wasting very little in terms of food and fuel. During the period where pottage was one of the most consumed foods in Europe, developments in technology, agriculture, science, culture and literacy were also occurring. I’m not saying pottage was responsible for any of this but it certainly couldn’t have hurt to have had a nourishing, sustainable and flexible food system such as what pottage offered during this period of quite remarkable discovery and development. People in general terms had something substantive to eat and it was more than likely nourishing.
Anecdotally, it is often said we are becoming less educated and knowledgeable overall in the modern age. We are also in a period where our food systems can at times feed us until we are full but at the same time, fail to properly nourish us. I am not an advocate of looking back at the past as if it were better than modernity. I like living in the modern era and would in no way wish to live a life akin to that of someone from the Middle Ages. It holds no romance for me. But food systems and how they impact us and our development both negatively or positively at a societal, cultural and economic level is an interesting issue to think upon.
I’ve had a terrific time exploring pottage. It has been far more intellectually stimulating than what I first thought a pot of stew could be. The final phase of our examination of pottage involves me actually cooking pottage. Here is a photograph of the ingredients I used to cook my pottage earlier today:
Photo credit: HammieRiffs
In keeping with the spirit of pottage, my first pottage consisted of ingredients I already had in the fridge and cupboard: dried blue boiler beans (which I soaked overnight in cold water), oats, smoked ham, vegetable stock, mushrooms, onion, beetroot, carrot, potatoes and cabbage. I also added water, a small amount of garlic, dried sage and dried parsley. I couldn’t fit everything into the pot at first so I waited for it to boil down a bit before adding the beetroot. I was worried about the beetroot. It seemed an odd ingredient to add but it was something in my fridge that could, for all intents and purposes, be added to my pottage so in it went.
I simmered the pottage on a very low heat for three hours and this is the end result:
Medieval gruel for dinner tonight. Photo credit: HammieRiffs.
The pottage turned out very thick and it seemed to be in between a soup and a stew. Moreover, though it was made from food harvested from our modern food systems, it doesn't look like modern food. It’s a strange thing to say but it looks medieval. It looks like food from another era. The modern day cook in me wanted so very much to add salt and pepper but I did not. The most surprising thing about the pottage was how tasty it was! I was greatly taken aback. The flavour of the ingredients, in particular the vegetables, really sings when it has been cooked using pottage methods. Due to the ingredients being slow cooked, the flavour of all the ingredients have fully incorporated together and it tastes harmonious and in balance. My modern day palette wants more salt and craves the zing that pepper would give but the pottage doesn’t need it. It is very tasty in its own understated, deeply nourishing way. If you wish to cook pottage I used the instructions from the Medieval Way video featured above.
The only regrettable thing about the pottage is the lingering smell of boiled cabbage in the kitchen. I might jazz things up with the pottage tomorrow by baking a loaf of bread to serve with it using a 1750 French colonist bread recipe I have from Kaskaskia, a town in Illinois that sits on the west side of the Mississippi River. I might also bake a fig torte based on Marian Burros' New York Times Cooking Plum Torte recipe first published in 1983 using some of my preserved home grown figs from my most recent summer harvest. In one meal I will have spanned centuries and it is only because I live in the modern era that I have the capacity to indulge in these frivolities. This was a quirky yet wonderful way to spend my Saturday afternoon. Thanks for reading and may your own pottage be tasty and true.
References
Haywood, J. (2011). The New Atlas of World History: Global Events at a Glance. Thames & Hudson Ltd.
Kingdom Come: Deliverance II. (2026, June 4). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Come%3A_Deliverance_II
Medieval Way. (2026, June 4. What Was Pottage? The Medieval Stew Peasants Lived On for Generations. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPA81ZuzDm8
Monk, C. (2023, November 12). Medieval culinary glossary: Saffron. Monk’s Modern Medieval Cuisine. https://modernmedievalcuisine.com/2023/11/12/medieval-culinary-glossary-saffron/
Middle Ages. (2026, June 4). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages
Pottage. (2026, June 4). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottage
